Nokea
Which of the following statement(s) about metronidazole is correct?:
- A. It is a first line drug for amoebic dysentery as well as amoebic liver abscess
- B. It is activated nitro intermediates bind DNA and inhibit anaerobe replication
- C. It is the most effective drug in eradicating amoebic cysts from the colon
- D. (a) and (b) are correct
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because both statements (A and B) are accurate.
A: Metronidazole is a first-line drug for amoebic dysentery and liver abscess due to its efficacy against Entamoeba histolytica.
B: Metronidazole is a prodrug that gets activated to form nitro intermediates, which bind DNA and disrupt anaerobic microbial replication.
Therefore, option D is correct as both A and B provide accurate information about metronidazole. Option C is incorrect as metronidazole is not specifically targeted to eradicating amoebic cysts from the colon.
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A 55 year old man with kidney stones has been placed on a diuretic to * decrease calcium excretion. However after a few weeks , he develops an attack of gout. Which diuretic is he taking?
- A. Furosemide
- B. Spironolactone
- C. Hydrochlorothiazide
- D. Triamterene
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Hydrochlorothiazide. Hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide diuretic that can lead to hyperuricemia, a risk factor for gout. Thiazide diuretics decrease the excretion of uric acid, leading to its accumulation and potential for gout attacks. Furosemide (A) is a loop diuretic that does not have a significant impact on uric acid levels. Spironolactone (B) and Triamterene (D) are potassium-sparing diuretics and do not directly affect uric acid levels. So, Hydrochlorothiazide is the most likely diuretic causing the gout attack in this case.
Clients who have had a ureterolithotomy should be taught to expect
- A. a great deal of postoperative pain
- B. postoperative depression
- C. enforced bed rest for a week postoperatively
- D. large amounts of drainage from the tissue drain
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because after a ureterolithotomy, there may be drainage from the tissue drain, which is a normal occurrence. This drainage helps to prevent complications such as infection and promotes healing. The drainage should decrease over time as the body heals. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect as they do not align with the typical expectations following a ureterolithotomy procedure. Postoperative pain should be managed with medication, postoperative depression may occur but is not a universal expectation, and enforced bed rest for a week is not typically necessary.
Which of the following cephalosporins has activity against gram negative anaerobic bacteria like Bacteroides fragilis, and the only cephalosporins that cross the blood brain barrier and enter the brain?
- A. Ceftriaxone
- B. Cefoxitin
- C. Cephalexin
- D. Cefixime
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Ceftriaxone is a third-generation cephalosporin known for broad-spectrum coverage.
2. It has excellent activity against gram-negative anaerobes such as Bacteroides fragilis.
3. It is also one of the cephalosporins that can penetrate the blood-brain barrier.
4. The other choices do not have the same anaerobic coverage or BBB penetration.
Summary:
- B: Cefoxitin is a second-generation cephalosporin with anaerobic coverage but does not cross the BBB.
- C: Cephalexin is a first-generation cephalosporin with limited anaerobic activity and no BBB penetration.
- D: Cefixime is a third-generation cephalosporin with no anaerobic activity or BBB penetration.
A nurse on a busy medical unit provides care for changes in diet many patients who require indwelling urinary catheters at
- A. Assessing for recent contact with individuals who some point during their hospital car
- B. The nurse should have UTIs recognize a heightened risk of injury associated with
- C. Assessing for changes in the patients level of indwelling catheter use in which patient?
- D. A patient whose diagnosis of chronic kidney disease
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because it addresses the importance of assessing for changes in the patient's level of indwelling catheter use. Monitoring catheter use is crucial to prevent complications such as infections and blockages. Assessing for changes can help identify any issues early on and ensure appropriate management.
Choice A is incorrect because recent contact history is not directly related to managing indwelling catheters. Choice B is incorrect as it talks about UTI risks but does not address the specific aspect of monitoring catheter use. Choice D is incorrect as it focuses on chronic kidney disease, which is not directly related to managing indwelling catheters.
Furosemide acts by inhibiting the following in the renal tubular cell: *
- A. Na +K + ATPase
- B. Na +/Cl - transporter
- C. Na +K +/ 2Cl - transporter
- D. Na +H + antiporter
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Furosemide inhibits the Na+K+/2Cl- transporter in the renal tubular cell. This transporter is responsible for reabsorbing sodium, potassium, and chloride ions from the urine back into the bloodstream. By inhibiting this transporter, furosemide prevents the reabsorption of these ions, leading to increased excretion of water and electrolytes, thereby promoting diuresis. Na+K+ ATPase (A) is not the target of furosemide. Na+/Cl- transporter (B) is not the primary mechanism of action for furosemide. Na+H+ antiporter (D) is not the target of furosemide in the renal tubular cell.