Nokea
Which of the statements below IS NOT CORRECT
- A. an immunocompromised person has to be vaccinated with live vaccines with caution
- B. live vaccines to not revert to virulent form
- C. microbes with many serotypes are difficult to control with vaccination
- D. side effect to vaccination can occur
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because live vaccines can potentially revert to a virulent form, although this is extremely rare. This is due to the live attenuated virus in the vaccine potentially mutating back to a more dangerous form. Live vaccines are designed to be weakened but there is a small risk of reversion. Therefore, statement B is not correct.
A: This statement is correct as immunocompromised individuals may have adverse reactions to live vaccines due to their weakened immune system.
C: This statement is correct as microbes with many serotypes can make it challenging to develop a vaccine that covers all variations.
D: This statement is correct as side effects to vaccination, although usually mild and temporary, can occur in some individuals.
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Native microscopic slides are good for observation of:
- A. Motility
- B. Division
- C. Presence of capsules
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Motility. Native microscopic slides are ideal for observing motility because they allow for the observation of living microorganisms in their natural state. By observing the movement of microorganisms on a native slide, one can assess their motility characteristics accurately.
Choice B (Division) is incorrect because native slides may not provide the ideal conditions for observing cell division, as it may be difficult to capture the exact moment of division in a live organism.
Choice C (Presence of capsules) is also incorrect because observing capsules usually requires specific staining techniques that may not be suitable for native slides.
Choice D (None of the above) is incorrect as native slides are indeed beneficial for observing motility.
Gram staining is used to differentiate bacteria based on:
- A. size and shape
- B. presence of flagella
- C. cell wall composition
- D. genetic material
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: cell wall composition. Gram staining differentiates bacteria based on the structure of their cell walls. It classifies bacteria into Gram-positive (thick peptidoglycan layer) and Gram-negative (thin peptidoglycan layer). This differentiation is crucial for identifying bacterial species and guiding treatment choices. Size and shape (choice A) are not specific to Gram staining. Presence of flagella (choice B) is related to bacterial motility, not Gram staining. Genetic material (choice D) is not directly assessed by Gram staining. Overall, the unique composition of the cell wall is the key factor in distinguishing bacteria through Gram staining.
The toxic condition caused by the multiplication of bacteria in the blood is referred to as:
- A. bacteremia
- B. septicemia
- C. shock
- D. bloodborne infection
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: septicemia. Septicemia specifically refers to the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream, leading to a systemic inflammatory response. Bacteremia (choice A) is simply the presence of bacteria in the blood without the systemic inflammatory response. Shock (choice C) is a state of circulatory collapse, often seen in severe septicemia. Bloodborne infection (choice D) is a general term for infections transmitted through the blood but does not specifically refer to the condition of bacterial multiplication causing toxicity.
Which of the following bacteria is responsible for causing the disease diphtheria?
- A. Bacillus anthracis
- B. Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- C. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- D. Escherichia coli
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Corynebacterium diphtheriae. This bacterium produces a toxin that causes diphtheria. It forms a grayish membrane in the throat, leading to difficulty breathing. Bacillus anthracis (Choice A) causes anthrax, Streptococcus pneumoniae (Choice C) causes pneumonia, and Escherichia coli (Choice D) causes various infections but not diphtheria.
According to their optimal growth temperatures, microorganisms are divided into:
- A. Thermophilic and thermophobic
- B. Psychophilic and psychophobic
- C. Psychophilic, mesophilic, thermophilic
- D. Thermophilic, thermophobic, mesophobic
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Psychrophilic: Grow best in cold temperatures
2. Mesophilic: Grow best in moderate temperatures
3. Thermophilic: Grow best in high temperatures
- Choice A is incorrect as "thermophobic" is not a recognized term.
- Choice B is incorrect as "psychophobic" is not a recognized term.
- Choice D is incorrect as "mesophobic" is not a recognized term.