Nokea
Which of these hormones is made by the posterior pituitary?
- A. FSH
- B. LH
- C. ACTH
- D. ADH
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone). ADH is produced by the posterior pituitary gland and regulates water balance in the body by acting on the kidneys to reduce urine output. FSH, LH, and ACTH are produced by the anterior pituitary gland and have different functions related to reproductive health and stress response. The key to this question is knowing the specific hormones produced by the posterior pituitary gland, making D the correct choice.
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Carbohydrate absorption:
- A. all glucose, galactose and fructose is co-transported with Na by the SGLT-2 transporter into enterocytes
- B. all glucose/galactose and fructose is transported across the basolateral membrane by GLUT2
- C. fructose absorption is a secondary active transport mechanism
- D. absorption is decreased by insulin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because glucose, galactose, and fructose are transported across the basolateral membrane by the GLUT2 transporter. This occurs after they are absorbed into enterocytes through various transport mechanisms. Choice A is incorrect because SGLT-2 transporter is responsible for glucose and galactose absorption, not fructose. Choice C is incorrect as fructose is absorbed through facilitated diffusion, not secondary active transport. Choice D is incorrect because insulin actually increases carbohydrate absorption by upregulating GLUT2 expression.
Which of the following statements is true?
- A. The hypothalamus makes oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone, which are transported to the posterior pituitary for storage.
- B. Antidiuretic hormone, released by the posterior pituitary, causes urine volume to increase and blood volume to decrease.
- C. Luteinizing hormone, an anterior pituitary hormone, triggers ovulation of an egg from the ovary and causes the ruptured follicle to produce progesterone and some estrogens.
- D. Hyposecretion of follicle-stimulating hormone or luteinizing hormone leads to sterility in both males and females.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale for Choice A:
1. The hypothalamus produces oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
2. These hormones are transported via the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system to the posterior pituitary for storage.
3. When needed, the posterior pituitary releases these hormones into the bloodstream.
4. Oxytocin is involved in labor and milk ejection, while ADH regulates water balance by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys.
Summary of other Choices:
B. Incorrect - ADH, when released, causes urine volume to decrease and blood volume to increase by increasing water reabsorption.
C. Incorrect - Luteinizing hormone triggers ovulation and stimulates progesterone production but is released by the anterior pituitary, not the hypothalamus.
D. Incorrect - Hyposecretion of FSH or LH can lead to infertility, not necessarily sterility, and the effects differ between males and females.
All the following adverse effects can be produced by beta-blockers EXCEPT:
- A. Hypotension
- B. Heart failure
- C. Bronchodilation
- D. Heart block
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Bronchodilation. Beta-blockers primarily work by blocking the beta-adrenergic receptors, leading to a decrease in heart rate and contractility. This can result in adverse effects such as hypotension, heart failure, and heart block due to the reduced cardiac output. However, bronchodilation is not a typical adverse effect of beta-blockers. In fact, beta-blockers can cause bronchoconstriction in patients with underlying respiratory conditions like asthma, making choice C the correct answer. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because hypotension, heart failure, and heart block are known adverse effects associated with beta-blockers due to their mechanism of action on the cardiovascular system.
Which of the following statements regarding pituitary hormones is FALSE?
- A. Hyposecretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) or luteinizing hormone (LH) leads to sterility in both males and females.
- B. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), released by the posterior pituitary, causes urine volume to increase as blood volume decreases.
- C. Oxytocin is released in significant amounts ONLY during childbirth and nursing in woman.
- D. Luteinizing hormone, an anterior pituitary hormone, triggers ovulation of an egg from the ovary and causes the ruptured follicle to produce progesterone and some estrogens.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because antidiuretic hormone (ADH) actually causes urine volume to decrease as blood volume decreases, not increase. ADH acts on the kidneys to reabsorb water, leading to concentrated urine and conservation of body fluids.
Rationale summary:
A: True, hyposecretion of FSH or LH can lead to sterility in both males and females.
C: False, oxytocin is also released during sexual activity, breastfeeding, social bonding, and stress responses, not just during childbirth and nursing.
D: True, luteinizing hormone triggers ovulation and stimulates the production of progesterone and some estrogens.
Which row shows active transport?
- A. particles move from high concentration to low concentration, particles move from low concentration to high concentration, requires energy
- B. particles move from high concentration to low concentration, particles move from low concentration to high concentration, requires energy
- C. particles move from high concentration to low concentration, particles move from low concentration to high concentration, requires energy
- D. particles move from high concentration to low concentration, particles move from low concentration to high concentration, requires energy
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because active transport involves the movement of particles from low concentration to high concentration, which goes against the natural flow of diffusion and requires energy input. In active transport, cells use ATP to pump substances across the cell membrane against their concentration gradient. This process allows cells to accumulate essential molecules or ions that are needed in higher concentrations inside the cell. Choices A, B, and D all describe passive transport processes where particles move with the concentration gradient and do not require energy input.