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Which of these is true of the endocrine system?
- A. secretes hormones that are transported to target cells by blood
- B. causes changes in metabolic activities
- C. effects are prolonged
- D. All of above are true.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step 1: The endocrine system secretes hormones that travel through the bloodstream to specific target cells. (Choice A)
Step 2: These hormones regulate metabolic activities in the body. (Choice B)
Step 3: The effects of hormonal actions can last for an extended period, leading to prolonged effects. (Choice C)
Therefore, all the statements A, B, and C are true about the endocrine system, making choice D the correct answer. Other choices are incorrect as they do not encompass all aspects of the endocrine system's functions.
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What is the approximate composition of the air in the balloons?
- A. 16, 0.04, low
- B. 16, 4.5, high
- C. 21, 0.04, high
- D. 21, 4.5, low
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C (21, 0.04, high). This composition represents the approximate percentage of oxygen (21%) and carbon dioxide (0.04%) in the air inside the balloons. Oxygen is a major component of the air we breathe, making up around 21% of the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide, on the other hand, is present in trace amounts, about 0.04%. The other choices are incorrect because they do not accurately represent the typical composition of air. Choice A has a low oxygen content and choice B has a high carbon dioxide content, both of which do not align with the usual composition of the air. Choice D also has a low oxygen content and high carbon dioxide content, making it incorrect.
Why can a single endocrine hormone produce a wider spread of responses in more of the body than a single nerve cell?
- A. A single hormone can target many different responses, whereas a nerve only targets a single response.
- B. Blood can carry all the same hormones throughout the body simultaneously, producing responses all over the body; nerve cells can only target a small number of cells.
- C. Nerve cells and blood work together. The endocrine has nothing to do with the nervous system.
- D. Endocrine hormones only target a very small number of precise responses.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because the bloodstream can carry hormones throughout the body simultaneously, reaching various target cells and organs. This enables a single endocrine hormone to produce responses in multiple parts of the body. In contrast, nerve cells can only target a limited number of cells through direct connections. Choice A is incorrect because endocrine hormones can also target multiple responses, not just one. Choice C is incorrect as the endocrine system and nervous system can interact. Choice D is incorrect as endocrine hormones can have broad effects on multiple target cells.
What is the hormone produced by adipose tissue which signals satiety?
- A. melatonin
- B. leptin
- C. thymosins
- D. glucagons
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Leptin is the correct answer because it is a hormone produced by adipose tissue that signals satiety to the brain, helping regulate energy balance and food intake. Melatonin is a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles, not hunger. Thymosins are involved in immune function. Glucagon is a hormone that increases blood sugar levels, not related to satiety.
You assess a patient with Cushing's disease. For which finding will you notify the physician immediately?
- A. Purple striae present on abdomen and thighs
- B. Weight gain of 1 pound since the previous day
- C. #ERROR!
- D. Crackles bilaterally in lower lobes of lungs
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Crackles in the lungs may indicate fluid overload or heart failure, which requires immediate intervention, especially in a patient with Cushing's disease, who is at risk for fluid retention.
Hypothyroidism in children:
- A. Cretinism
- B. Myxoedema
- C. Graves disease
- D. Acromegaly
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Cretinism. Cretinism is a condition of severe hypothyroidism during childhood, leading to stunted growth, intellectual disability, and physical deformities. Myxoedema refers to severe hypothyroidism in adults, not children. Graves disease is a form of hyperthyroidism, opposite of hypothyroidism. Acromegaly is a condition caused by excess growth hormone, not related to thyroid dysfunction. Therefore, Cretinism is the correct answer for hypothyroidism in children due to its specific characteristics and presentation.