Nokea
Which statement accurately describes glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
- A. The primary function of GFR is to excrete nitrogenous waste products.
- B. Decreased permeability in the glomerulus causes loss of proteins into the urine.
- C. The GFR is primarily dependent on adequate blood flow and adequate hydrostatic pressure.
- D. The GFR is decreased when prostaglandins cause vasodilation and increased renal blood flow.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Adequate blood flow is essential for GFR as it ensures efficient filtration of blood in the glomerulus.
2. Adequate hydrostatic pressure within the glomerulus is needed to push filtrate into the tubules.
3. If blood flow or hydrostatic pressure is inadequate, GFR will decrease.
4. Option A is incorrect as GFR primarily filters blood, not excretes waste products.
5. Option B is incorrect as increased permeability in the glomerulus leads to protein loss, not decreased.
6. Option D is incorrect as prostaglandins causing vasodilation would increase, not decrease, GFR.
Summary:
The correct answer is C because GFR is primarily dependent on adequate blood flow and hydrostatic pressure. Other choices are incorrect as they do not accurately describe the factors affecting GFR.
You may also like to solve these questions
A geriatric nurse is performing an assessment of body patient whose renal function is progressively declining. systems on an 85-year-old patient. The nurse should be
- A. related change affecting the renal or following situations? urinary system?
- B. When the patients creatinine level drops below 1.2
- C. Increased ability to concentrate urine
- D. Increased bladder capacity
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because as renal function declines in an elderly patient, there will be related changes affecting the urinary system. This is important for the nurse to assess to monitor the patient's renal health and intervene as necessary. Choice B is incorrect because a decrease in creatinine level is not a typical indicator of declining renal function. Choice C is incorrect because with declining renal function, the ability to concentrate urine actually decreases. Choice D is incorrect because increased bladder capacity is not a direct result of declining renal function.
The commonest type of ureteric calculus is
- A. calcium oxalate
- B. triple phosphate
- C. urate
- D. cysteine
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: calcium oxalate. This is because calcium oxalate stones are the most common type of ureteric calculus, accounting for around 75% of cases. They form due to an excess of calcium and oxalate in the urine. Triple phosphate stones (choice B) are more commonly found in the bladder and are associated with urinary tract infections. Urate stones (choice C) are less common and typically seen in patients with gout or acidic urine. Cysteine stones (choice D) are rare and usually seen in patients with a genetic disorder affecting cysteine metabolism.
A 60-year-old woman is undergoing a pelvic examination. During the examination, the nurse finds a mass in the pelvic region that is hard, irregular, and fixed. The nurse's most appropriate course of action would be to:
- A. Monitor the mass and perform routine follow-up.
- B. Refer the patient to a gynecologist for further evaluation.
- C. Obtain a biopsy of the mass to assess for malignancy.
- D. Perform a pelvic ultrasound to assess the mass.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Refer the patient to a gynecologist for further evaluation. Given the characteristics of the mass (hard, irregular, fixed), it raises concerns for possible malignancy. Referring the patient to a gynecologist allows for a specialist to conduct a thorough evaluation, which may include additional imaging studies and biopsies to determine the nature of the mass. Monitoring the mass (choice A) without further evaluation may delay potential diagnosis and treatment. Obtaining a biopsy (choice C) without proper evaluation by a specialist may not be appropriate at this stage. Performing a pelvic ultrasound (choice D) can provide additional information but may not be sufficient for a definitive diagnosis of malignancy.
Due to its potential for severe hepatotoxicity, Nevirapine should NOT be initiated in:
- A. Women with CD4 cell counts >150 cells/mm3 or in men with CD4 cell count >400 cells/mm3
- B. Women with CD4 cell counts >250 cells/mm3 or in men with CD4 cell count >400 cells/mm3
- C. Women with CD4 cell counts >250 cells/mm3 or in men with CD4 cell count >500 cells/mm3
- D. Women with CD4 cell counts >250 cells/mm3 or in men with CD4 cell count >450 cells/mm3
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B. Nevirapine has a higher risk of severe hepatotoxicity in patients with higher CD4 cell counts. Choice B specifies a lower threshold for CD4 cell counts in women compared to men, which aligns with the caution needed for initiating Nevirapine. Choices A, C, and D have higher CD4 cell count thresholds for both women and men, which would increase the risk of hepatotoxicity if Nevirapine is initiated in those patients. Therefore, Choice B is the most appropriate option to minimize the risk of hepatotoxicity when initiating Nevirapine.
Each kidney contains about a million and stored in the pituitary gland
- A. ADH plays a key role in the homeostatic filtration apparatus called: process called osmoregulation
- B. the distal tubule
- C. the proximal tubule
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: ADH plays a key role in the homeostatic filtration apparatus called the process called osmoregulation. ADH, or antidiuretic hormone, regulates water balance by controlling the permeability of the collecting duct in the kidney nephrons. This controls the concentration of urine produced. The other choices, B and C, refer to specific parts of the kidney tubules and are not related to the role of ADH in osmoregulation. Choice D is incomplete and does not provide any relevant information. Therefore, A is the correct choice as it directly relates to the function of ADH in maintaining water balance within the body.