Nokea
Which type of risk the most important predictor of health?
- A. Biological risk
- B. Economic risk
- C. Life-event risk
- D. Health values
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Health values. Health values are the most important predictor of health because they encompass an individual's attitudes, beliefs, and priorities related to health. Individuals who place a high value on their health are more likely to engage in behaviors that promote wellness and seek necessary healthcare. This intrinsic motivation plays a crucial role in determining health outcomes.
Biological risk (A) focuses on genetic predispositions and physical health conditions, which are important but not as predictive as health values. Economic risk (B) and life-event risk (C) can certainly impact health outcomes, but they are external factors that may not always directly correlate with an individual's health status. Ultimately, it is the personal health values and choices that have the most significant influence on one's health.
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Women who develop vaginal fungal infections (commonly referred to as yeast infections) usually have a history of having been prescribed antibiotics for bacterial infections. Which component of the epidemiological triangle (agent–host–environment) contributes most to the development of vaginal infections?
- A. Agent
- B. Environment
- C. Host
- D. Agent and host
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale: The correct answer is C: Host. Antibiotics disrupt the normal vaginal flora, creating an environment conducive to yeast overgrowth. The host's susceptibility to infection due to altered microbiota is the primary factor in developing vaginal fungal infections. The agent (yeast) and the environment (vaginal environment) play secondary roles. Choice A is incorrect because the yeast is the agent causing the infection, but it is the host's response that determines infection development. Choice B is incorrect because the vaginal environment is affected by antibiotics, but it is the host's response that leads to infection. Choice D is incorrect because while both agent and host are involved, it is the host's susceptibility that is the key factor.
Which one of the following is a primary prevention activity for decreasing the incidence of communicable diseases?
- A. Identifying and treating clients in a clinic for sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
- B. Partnering with schoolteachers to teach handwashing to elementary school children and observe their techniques
- C. Providing case management services that link clients with communicable diseases to health care and community support services
- D. Providing directly observed therapy (DOT) to clients with active tuberculosis (TB)
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because teaching handwashing to elementary school children is a primary prevention activity that aims to decrease the incidence of communicable diseases by preventing the spread of germs. This strategy targets the general population before any disease occurrence, focusing on promoting good hygiene practices.
A, identifying and treating clients in a clinic for STIs, is a secondary prevention activity as it involves early detection and treatment after the disease has already occurred.
C, providing case management services, is a tertiary prevention activity that focuses on managing and reducing the impact of the disease on individuals already affected.
D, providing DOT to clients with active TB, is a secondary prevention activity that involves treatment and monitoring of individuals already infected to prevent further transmission.
A chemical company executive asks a new public health department employee about obtaining a permit to build a new factory. Which employee statement would be the biggest cause for concern?
- A. "If your operation employs fewer than 20 employees, you will be exempt from the requirement to obtain a permit."
- B. "Granting permits is a mechanism for controlling pollution by regulating the operations and procedures of a facility."
- C. "This process may take a long time because your plans will need to be studied by engineers and other specialists."
- D. "You will need to submit an application detailing how your factory will operate."
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because it provides inaccurate information regarding the permit requirement based on the number of employees. This statement shows a lack of understanding of environmental regulations. Employing fewer than 20 employees does not automatically exempt a facility from obtaining a permit for environmental compliance.
Choice B is incorrect because it accurately describes the purpose of permitting in pollution control. Choice C is incorrect as it simply explains the standard process for obtaining a permit, which is not a cause for concern. Choice D is also incorrect as it outlines a standard requirement for submitting an application, which is necessary for obtaining a permit.
What is the most common symptom of testicular cancer?
- A. Low back pain
- B. Fatigue
- C. Painless, firm scrotal mass or swelling
- D. Mild to moderate pressure to the scrotum
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Painless, firm scrotal mass or swelling. This is the most common symptom of testicular cancer because it often presents as a painless lump or swelling in the testicle. Other choices are incorrect because low back pain (A) is not a common symptom of testicular cancer, fatigue (B) is a non-specific symptom that can occur in many conditions, and mild to moderate pressure to the scrotum (D) is not a typical symptom of testicular cancer.
A student asks the school nurse how acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is diagnosed. Which answer is correct?
- A. AIDS is diagnosed through the negative results of a screening test called an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
- B. Antibodies to HIV, which form in about 6 weeks to 3 months following infection with HIV, are detected in the blood.
- C. Antibodies to HIV reach peak levels of 200/mL of blood.
- D. AIDS is diagnosed through positive ELISA results and clinical signs of AIDS.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because antibodies to HIV are typically detected in the blood within 6 weeks to 3 months after infection, indicating exposure to the virus. This seroconversion period is when the body starts producing antibodies to fight the HIV virus. The presence of these antibodies in the blood is a key indicator of HIV infection, leading to a diagnosis of AIDS.
Choice A is incorrect because a negative ELISA result does not diagnose AIDS, as it only indicates the absence of HIV antibodies. Choice C is incorrect as there is no specific peak level of HIV antibodies required for diagnosis. Choice D is incorrect because a positive ELISA result alone is not sufficient to diagnose AIDS; clinical signs and symptoms must also be present.