Nokea
The atmospheric pressure at sea level is
- A. 1,000mm Hg.
- B. 760mm Hg.
- C. 540mm Hg.
- D. 400mm Hg.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The atmospheric pressure at sea level is typically around 760mm Hg, which is equivalent to 101.3 kilopascals. This is the standard atmospheric pressure used in various scientific calculations. This value represents the pressure exerted by the weight of air above a given area at sea level. Choice B is correct because it accurately reflects the standard atmospheric pressure at sea level. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as they do not match the accepted value for atmospheric pressure at sea level.
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The patient has just had an MRI ordered because a routine chest x-ray showed suspicious areas in the right lung. The physician suspects bronchogenic carcinoma. An MRI would most likely be ordered to assess for what in this patient?
- A. Alveolar dysfunction
- B. Forced vital capacity
- C. Tidal volume
- D. Chest wall invasion
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Chest wall invasion. An MRI would be ordered to assess for any potential invasion of the chest wall by the suspected bronchogenic carcinoma. MRI provides detailed imaging of soft tissues and can help determine the extent of tumor invasion beyond the lungs.
Explanation:
A: Alveolar dysfunction - Alveolar dysfunction is typically assessed using pulmonary function tests or imaging techniques like CT scans, not MRI.
B: Forced vital capacity - Forced vital capacity is a measure of lung function and is not typically assessed using MRI.
C: Tidal volume - Tidal volume is a measure of the volume of air moved in and out of the lungs during normal breathing and is not assessed using MRI in this context.
In which organ is carbonic anhydrase crucial for maintaining acid-base balance?
- A. Liver
- B. Kidneys
- C. Heart
- D. Pancreas
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Carbonic anhydrase is crucial for acid-base balance by catalyzing the interconversion of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate ions in the blood. The kidneys regulate blood pH by reabsorbing bicarbonate and excreting hydrogen ions. Therefore, carbonic anhydrase in the kidneys plays a vital role in maintaining acid-base balance. The liver is not directly involved in this process but helps in detoxification and metabolism. The heart and pancreas do not have a primary role in acid-base balance regulation. Thus, the correct answer is B: Kidneys.
Which of the following serum lab values is a risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis?
- A. LDL 150 mg/dL
- B. Triglycerides 140 mg/dL
- C. Cholesterol 190 mg/dL
- D. HDL 100mg/dL
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: LDL 150 mg/dL. LDL cholesterol is known as "bad" cholesterol, and high levels are a risk factor for atherosclerosis. LDL can build up in the arteries, leading to plaque formation and narrowing of blood vessels. Elevated LDL levels increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Summary:
B: Triglycerides 140 mg/dL - Elevated triglycerides are a risk factor for heart disease, but not as directly linked to atherosclerosis as LDL.
C: Cholesterol 190 mg/dL - Total cholesterol includes both HDL and LDL, so this value alone does not specify the risk factor for atherosclerosis.
D: HDL 100mg/dL - High levels of HDL are actually considered beneficial as it is known as "good" cholesterol and helps to remove LDL from the bloodstream, reducing the risk of atherosclerosis.
The inspiratory capacity is a total of what two pulmonary volumes?
- A. tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume
- B. vital capacity and tidal volume
- C. vital capacity and inspiratory reserve volume
- D. residual volume and tidal volume
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The inspiratory capacity is the maximum volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal exhalation. It is the sum of tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume. Tidal volume is the volume of air inhaled and exhaled during normal breathing, while inspiratory reserve volume is the additional air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation. Therefore, the correct answer is A.
Summary of why other choices are incorrect:
B: Vital capacity is the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation. It does not include tidal volume, so this choice is incorrect.
C: Vital capacity includes inspiratory reserve volume, not tidal volume, so this choice is incorrect.
D: Residual volume is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximal exhalation, not part of inspiratory capacity. Tidal volume is the only correct component in this choice.
A nurse assesses a client after an open lung biopsy. Which assessment finding is matched with the correct intervention?
- A. Client reports being dizzy—nurse calls the Rapid Response Team.
- B. Client's heart rate is 55 beats/min—nurse withholds pain medication.
- C. Client has reduced breath sounds—nurse calls primary health care provider immediately.
- D. Client's respiratory rate is 18 breaths/min—nurse decreases oxygen flow rate.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C. Reduced breath sounds after an open lung biopsy could indicate a potential complication such as pneumothorax, requiring immediate attention. Calling the primary health care provider allows for timely assessment and intervention.
Choice A is incorrect because dizziness alone may not warrant calling the Rapid Response Team without further assessment.
Choice B is incorrect as a heart rate of 55 beats/min may not necessarily indicate a need to withhold pain medication without considering other factors.
Choice D is incorrect as a respiratory rate of 18 breaths/min does not necessarily mean the oxygen flow rate should be decreased without further assessment.