Nokea
Each of the following parasympathomimetics is paired with an appropriate therapeutic use EXCEPT:
- A. Physostigmine - eye drops in glaucoma
- B. Neostigmine - postoperative retention of urine
- C. Edrophonium - diagnosis of myasthenia gravis
- D. Parathion - organophosphorus poisoning
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because parathion is not a parasympathomimetic drug; it is an organophosphorus insecticide. Physostigmine (A), Neostigmine (B), and Edrophonium (C) are all parasympathomimetics used for their respective therapeutic purposes. Physostigmine is used in glaucoma to reduce intraocular pressure, Neostigmine is used to treat postoperative urinary retention by improving bladder emptying, and Edrophonium is used in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis by temporarily improving muscle strength. In contrast, parathion is not a medication but a toxic substance used in insecticides, and it does not have any therapeutic use as a parasympathomimetic drug.
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A patient presents with increased growth of skeletal and soft tissue, hypertension, arthritis, menstrual disturbances, and diabetes mellitus. Upon administration of oral glucose, which of the following levels would increase?
- A. GH
- B. IGF
- C. GH and IGF
- D. ADH
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: IGF. Increased growth of skeletal and soft tissue, along with other symptoms, suggest acromegaly due to excess growth hormone (GH) secretion. GH stimulates the liver to produce insulin-like growth factor (IGF), which mediates many of GH's effects. In acromegaly, elevated IGF levels contribute to the clinical manifestations. Option A (GH) is incorrect because GH levels may be high but not necessarily in response to oral glucose. Option C (GH and IGF) is incorrect as GH alone does not directly increase in response to oral glucose. Option D (ADH) is unrelated to the scenario described.
A nurse assesses a female client who presents with hirsutism. Which question would the nurse ask when assessing this client?
- A. How do you plan to pay for your treatments?
- B. How do you feel about yourself?
- C. What medications are you prescribed?
- D. What are you doing to prevent this from happening?
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: How do you feel about yourself? This question is important because hirsutism, excessive hair growth in women, can have significant psychological implications affecting self-esteem and body image. By asking how the client feels about herself, the nurse can address emotional and mental health concerns related to hirsutism.
A: How do you plan to pay for your treatments? This question is not directly related to the client's emotional well-being and does not address the psychological impact of hirsutism.
C: What medications are you prescribed? This question focuses on the medical management of hirsutism but does not address the client's emotional response to the condition.
D: What are you doing to prevent this from happening? This question is more about preventive measures for hirsutism rather than addressing the client's feelings and self-perception.
Priority Decision: When caring for a patient with metabolic syndrome, what should the nurse give the highest priority to teaching the patient about?
- A. Achieving a normal weight
- B. Eliminating red meat from the diet
- C. Performing daily aerobic exercise
- D. Monitoring the blood glucose periodically
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Achieving and maintaining a normal weight is the highest priority in managing metabolic syndrome and preventing further complications.
Which hormone is most important in insulin secretion?
- A. gastrin
- B. CCK
- C. GIP
- D. secretin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: GIP. GIP, or glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, is the most important hormone in insulin secretion. It is released by the intestines in response to glucose intake, stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. Gastrin (A) is involved in gastric acid secretion, not insulin. CCK (B) and secretin (D) are involved in digestion and pancreatic enzyme secretion, not insulin regulation. So, GIP is the correct answer as it directly stimulates insulin release in response to glucose levels.
Which of the following is the response to low plasma levels of calcium?
- A. Secretion of calcitonin
- B. Secretion of the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans
- C. Inhibition of the adenohypophyseal release of ACTH
- D. Secretion of PTH
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Secretion of PTH. Low plasma levels of calcium trigger the parathyroid glands to release parathyroid hormone (PTH) to increase calcium levels. PTH acts on the bones to stimulate calcium release, on the kidneys to increase calcium reabsorption, and on the intestines to enhance absorption.
A: Secretion of calcitonin is incorrect because calcitonin is released in response to high calcium levels to lower them.
B: Secretion of the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans is incorrect as these cells secrete insulin in response to high blood glucose levels.
C: Inhibition of the adenohypophyseal release of ACTH is incorrect as ACTH is related to stress response, not calcium regulation.