Nokea
The antiviral action of amantadine is exerted through: *
- A. Inhibition of viral protease enzyme
- B. Inhibition of viral RNA mediated DNA synthesis
- C. Interaction with the viral M2 protein
- D. Interaction with a virus directed thymidine kinase
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Interaction with the viral M2 protein. Amantadine blocks the M2 ion channel of the influenza A virus, preventing the release of viral RNA into the host cell. This inhibits the viral replication process. Option A is incorrect as amantadine does not target viral protease enzymes. Option B is incorrect as amantadine does not inhibit viral RNA-mediated DNA synthesis, which is a process specific to retroviruses. Option D is incorrect as amantadine does not interact with virus-directed thymidine kinase, which is involved in the activation of certain antiviral medications.
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During a physical examination, the nurse finds that a male patient’s foreskin is fixed and tight and will not retract over the glans. The nurse recognizes that this condition is:
- A. Phimosis.
- B. Epispadias.
- C. Urethral stricture.
- D. Peyronie disease.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Phimosis. Phimosis is a condition where the foreskin is tight and cannot be retracted over the glans. This can lead to problems with hygiene and urination. Epispadias (B) is a congenital malformation where the urethra opens on the dorsal side of the penis. Urethral stricture (C) is a narrowing of the urethra, causing difficulty with urination. Peyronie disease (D) is the development of fibrous scar tissue inside the penis, leading to curvature during erection. In this case, the fixed and tight foreskin indicates phimosis.
Mrs. T. also complains of hoarseness, which results from
- A. increased capillary permeability
- B. a secondary respiratory infection
- C. a large thyroid tumor pressing on the larynx
- D. a psychologic illness
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because hoarseness can be caused by a large thyroid tumor pressing on the larynx, affecting vocal cord function. This physical obstruction directly interferes with the ability of the vocal cords to vibrate properly, leading to hoarseness. Increased capillary permeability (A) would not result in hoarseness. A secondary respiratory infection (B) may cause coughing or throat irritation, but not hoarseness specifically. A psychologic illness (D) would not directly cause hoarseness as it is a physical symptom related to the vocal cords.
A patient has low cardiac output due to poor cardiac function. He is eclematous. Which one of the following should be avoided because it can aggravate cardiac dysfunctions?
- A. Furosemide
- B. Spironolactone
- C. Mannitol
- D. Hydrochlorothiazide
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Mannitol. Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic that can worsen heart failure by increasing plasma volume and exacerbating the workload on the heart. Furosemide (A) and Hydrochlorothiazide (D) are loop and thiazide diuretics, respectively, commonly used to manage fluid overload in heart failure patients. Spironolactone (B) is a potassium-sparing diuretic that can be beneficial in heart failure by counteracting potassium loss caused by other diuretics.
The nurse plans care for the patient with APSGN based on what knowledge?
- A. [choice A]
- B. [choice B]
- C. [choice C]
- D. [choice D]
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because APSGN (Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis) is caused by an immune response to a streptococcal infection. Therefore, the nurse must understand the pathophysiology, signs/symptoms, treatment, and potential complications associated with APSGN to provide effective care. Choice A, B, and C may not directly address the specific knowledge needed to care for a patient with APSGN, making them incorrect options.
Which statement best describes Zidovudine: *
- A. Zidovudine in combination with other antiretrovirals is an alternative initial treatment for HIV infection.
- B. Zidovudine is also used to prevent transmission of HIV from the mother to her
- C. Zidovudine is converted by cellular enzymes to an active form, zidovudine diphosphate, which prevents viral DNA from replicating.
- D. Peripheral neuropathy is a specic adverse reaction to Zidovudine
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer (C):
1. Zidovudine is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) used in the treatment of HIV.
2. Zidovudine is indeed converted by cellular enzymes to its active form, zidovudine diphosphate.
3. Zidovudine diphosphate inhibits the reverse transcriptase enzyme, preventing viral DNA replication in HIV-infected cells.
4. This mechanism of action is crucial in reducing viral load and slowing disease progression in HIV patients.
Summary of Incorrect Choices:
A: Incorrect. While Zidovudine is used in combination therapy for HIV, it is not typically an alternative initial treatment.
B: Incorrect. Zidovudine can be used to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV, but it is not its primary indication.
D: Incorrect. Peripheral neuropathy is not a specific adverse reaction to Zidovudine; rather, it is more commonly associated with