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The nurse is screening children at a local community health clinic for infectious diseases. Which child is at highest risk for hepatitis B virus (HBV)?
- A. A newborn.
- B. A 3-year-ol
- D. A 7-year-ol
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A, a newborn, as they are at higher risk due to potential exposure during birth from an infected mother. Newborns can acquire HBV through vertical transmission. Choice B, a 3-year-old, and choice D, a 7-year-old, are less at risk compared to newborns. Choice C, which seems to be incomplete, does not provide any relevant information.
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The nurse is evaluating a community health program focused on smoking cessation. Which of the following would indicate a positive outcome?
- A. Increase in the number of participants in the program
- B. Reduction in smoking rates in the community
- C. Increase in public awareness about smoking risks
- D. Improvement in the economic status of smokers
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because a reduction in smoking rates in the community directly reflects the success of the smoking cessation program. This outcome indicates that the program is effectively helping individuals quit smoking, leading to improved community health.
A: An increase in participants does not necessarily indicate success; quality over quantity is essential.
C: Increased awareness is beneficial but does not directly measure program effectiveness in helping individuals quit smoking.
D: While improved economic status can be a positive outcome, it does not directly relate to the success of a smoking cessation program.
A community health nurse has completed a community assessment and is now writing a community diagnosis for the problem. Which component of the diagnosis will be used to summarize the assessment data of the problem?
- A. Identification of the health risk
- B. Evidence supporting the choice of priority
- C. The aggregate that needs the intervention
- D. The cause of the identified health problem
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The identification of the health problem or risk represents a synthesis of all assessment data. The evidence can suggest the magnitude of the problem. The aggregate states who will be the beneficiary of the nurse's action plan. The cause of the health problem directs the focus of the intervention.
What responsibility does the American Nurses Association (ANA) Code of Ethics require of the nurse beyond giving excellent care to patients?
- A. Accept longer work schedules to ensure that professional care is always available to clients.
- B. Recognize the need for experienced nurses to mentor new graduates to help increase and expand the number of professionals available.
- C. Support health legislation to improve accessibility and cost of health care.
- D. Volunteer to work overtime as needed to ensure maximum quality of care.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The ANA Code of Ethics promotes social reform by focusing on health policy and legislation to positively affect accessibility, quality, and cost of health care. The code does not directly address workplace issues, such as work schedules or need for overtime.
Which of the following is the most effective strategy for reducing hypertension in a community?
- A. Encouraging regular exercise
- B. Providing free blood pressure screenings
- C. Promoting a diet low in sodium
- D. Advocating for policies to reduce air pollution
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The most effective strategy for reducing hypertension in a community is promoting a diet low in sodium. High sodium intake is directly linked to high blood pressure. By reducing sodium intake, blood pressure can be better controlled. Regular exercise (choice A) is important for overall health but may not have as direct an impact on blood pressure as diet. Providing free blood pressure screenings (choice B) is helpful for early detection but does not address the root cause. Advocating for policies to reduce air pollution (choice D) is important for overall health but may not have as direct an impact on hypertension as reducing sodium intake.
Which of the following is an example of an upstream intervention in public health?
- A. Advocating for policies that limit the availability of junk food in schools
- B. Providing education on the benefits of healthy eating
- C. Offering free nutritional counseling in the community
- D. Providing free fruits and vegetables at local food banks
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because advocating for policies that limit the availability of junk food in schools is an example of an upstream intervention in public health. Upstream interventions focus on preventing health issues at the population level by addressing the root causes. Limiting the availability of junk food in schools addresses the environmental factor contributing to poor dietary habits, therefore promoting healthier choices.
Choices B, C, and D are not examples of upstream interventions as they focus more on individual-level interventions such as education, counseling, and access to healthy foods, rather than addressing the broader societal factors that influence health outcomes.