Nokea
Which of the following is the most common cause of neonatal meningitis?
- A. Haemophilus influenzae b
- B. Streptococcus agalactiae
- C. Neisseria meningitidis
- D. Streptococcus pneumoniae
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Streptococcus agalactiae. This bacterium is the most common cause of neonatal meningitis due to its ability to colonize the maternal genital tract and be transmitted to the newborn during delivery. It is a leading cause of early-onset neonatal sepsis and meningitis. Haemophilus influenzae b, Neisseria meningitidis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae are more commonly associated with meningitis in older children and adults, rather than in neonates. Therefore, choice B is the most appropriate answer based on the specific context of neonatal meningitis.
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The upper motor neuron impairment produces the following change of muscles tone:
- A. flaccidity
- B. spasticity
- C. "cog wheel" rigidity
- D. myoclonia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Spasticity is the correct answer because upper motor neuron lesions typically result in increased muscle tone due to the loss of inhibitory signals from the brain. This leads to hyperreflexia, clonus, and rigidity, which are hallmark signs of spasticity. The condition arises from damage to the corticospinal tract, which disrupts the balance of excitatory and inhibitory inputs to the motor neurons.
Damage to the hippocampus is most likely to impair:
- A. memory
- B. balance
- C. sleep
- D. breathing
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The hippocampus is a brain structure critical for forming and retrieving memories, particularly long-term memories. Damage to the hippocampus, such as from injury or disease, can result in severe memory impairments, including the inability to form new memories (anterograde amnesia) or recall past events (retrograde amnesia). The hippocampus also plays a role in spatial navigation and contextual learning, making it essential for cognitive function.
Acetylcholine and norepinephrine act because of their affect on receptors at the ________ membrane.
- A. axonal
- B. cell body
- C. presynaptic
- D. postsynaptic
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Acetylcholine and norepinephrine exert their effects by binding to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of neurons. When these neurotransmitters bind to their receptors, they trigger changes in the postsynaptic neuron's membrane potential, either exciting or inhibiting the neuron. This interaction is essential for transmitting signals across synapses and enabling communication within the nervous system.
Neurons come in which different type(s)?
- A. Sensory
- B. Motor
- C. Skeletal
- D. A and B
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Neurons are classified into sensory neurons, which transmit information from sensory receptors to the central nervous system, and motor neurons, which carry signals from the central nervous system to muscles and glands. Skeletal refers to muscle tissue, not neuron types. Understanding these types helps explain how the nervous system processes and responds to information.
The nurse is caring for a patient admitted to the emergency room after a motor vehicle crash. Which assessment is most important for the nurse to complete?
- A. Babinski test
- B. Romberg test
- C. Glasgow Coma Scale
- D. Visual analogue scale
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is the most important assessment for evaluating the level of consciousness in a patient with a head injury. The Babinski and Romberg tests assess motor function and balance, while the visual analogue scale measures pain. The GCS provides critical information about the patient's neurological status.