Nokea
What is the key characteristic of adaptive immunity compared to innate immunity?
- A. It uses physical barriers like skin
- B. It has antigen-specific responses and memory
- C. It responds to all antigens non-specifically
- D. It is faster than innate immunity
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because adaptive immunity is characterized by antigen-specific responses and memory. This means that it can recognize and target specific antigens upon exposure and develop long-lasting immunological memory.
Choice A is incorrect because physical barriers like skin are part of innate immunity, not adaptive immunity. Choice C is incorrect as adaptive immunity responds to specific antigens, not all antigens non-specifically. Choice D is incorrect because adaptive immunity typically takes longer to respond compared to innate immunity due to the need for activation and clonal expansion of specific immune cells.
You may also like to solve these questions
Thymocytes undergoing positive selection express:
- A. TCR
- B. CD4
- C. CD8
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Thymocytes undergoing positive selection express both CD4 and CD8 co-receptors along with a functional T-cell receptor (TCR). CD4 and CD8 help in recognizing MHC molecules, while TCR is crucial for antigen recognition. Positive selection ensures that thymocytes with a functional TCR that can interact with self-MHC molecules survive. Therefore, the correct answer is D, as thymocytes undergoing positive selection express TCR, CD4, and CD8. Choice A, TCR alone, is incorrect as CD4 and CD8 are also expressed. Choices B and C are incorrect as positive selection involves the expression of both CD4 and CD8, not just one or the other.
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is caused when the carpal tunnel compresses which location?
- A. Radial artery
- B. Brachial artery
- C. Median nerve
- D. Ulnar nerve
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Median nerve. Carpal tunnel syndrome occurs when the median nerve is compressed within the carpal tunnel in the wrist. This compression leads to symptoms like numbness, tingling, and weakness in the hand and fingers. The other choices are incorrect because the radial artery (A) and the brachial artery (B) are blood vessels, not nerves. The ulnar nerve (D) runs along a different path in the arm and is not involved in carpal tunnel syndrome.
The annotation D refers to which DNA component?
- A. Plasmid DNA
- B. Vector DNA
- C. Insert DNA
- D. Recombinant DNA
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Recombinant DNA. Recombinant DNA refers to the DNA molecule formed by combining DNA from different sources. In genetic engineering, this is created by inserting a foreign DNA fragment into a vector DNA, resulting in a new DNA molecule. Plasmid DNA (A) is a small, circular DNA found in bacteria. Vector DNA (B) is a carrier molecule used to transport foreign DNA into a host cell. Insert DNA (C) is the DNA fragment that is inserted into a vector. Therefore, choice D is the correct answer as it specifically refers to the combined DNA molecule formed in genetic engineering.
The nurse is caring for clients on the medical-surgical unit. What action by the nurse will help prevent a client from having a type II hypersensitivity reaction?
- A. Administering steroids for a positive TB test
- B. Correctly identifying the client prior to a blood transfusion
- C. Keeping the client free of the offending agent
- D. Providing a latex-free environment for the client
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because correctly identifying the client prior to a blood transfusion helps prevent a type II hypersensitivity reaction, which occurs when the body attacks its own cells due to mismatched blood types. This action ensures that the client receives compatible blood, reducing the risk of a transfusion reaction. Administering steroids for a positive TB test (A) is unrelated to preventing a type II hypersensitivity reaction. Keeping the client free of the offending agent (C) is more relevant to preventing a type IV hypersensitivity reaction. Providing a latex-free environment for the client (D) is important for preventing a type I hypersensitivity reaction in latex-sensitive individuals, not type II reactions related to blood transfusions.
Which cytokine group is most commonly associated with antiviral responses?
- A. Interleukins
- B. Interferons
- C. Tumor necrosis factors
- D. Transforming growth factors
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Interferons are the correct answer as they are a cytokine group primarily associated with antiviral responses. They play a key role in the immune response against viral infections by inhibiting viral replication and spreading to other cells. Interleukins are more diverse and involved in various immune responses, not specifically antiviral. Tumor necrosis factors are more related to inflammation and cell death. Transforming growth factors are involved in cell growth and differentiation, not primarily antiviral responses. Therefore, B: Interferons is the most appropriate choice for cytokine group associated with antiviral responses.