Nokea
Which of the following is characterized by excess urine production resulting in low blood volume?
- A. Cushing syndrome
- B. Tetany
- C. Diabetes insipidus
- D. Oversecretion of ACTH
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Correct Answer: C - Diabetes insipidus
Rationale:
1. Diabetes insipidus is characterized by excess urine production due to inadequate ADH secretion.
2. Low blood volume occurs as a result of increased urine output, leading to dehydration.
3. Cushing syndrome involves excess cortisol production, not excess urine production.
4. Tetany is caused by low calcium levels, not excess urine production.
5. Oversecretion of ACTH leads to excess cortisol production, not excess urine production.
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We have an emergency clinical situation, which requires a drug to produce both bronchodilation and raise blood pressure. Which one of the following drugs can achieve these two goals?
- A. Atropine
- B. Adrenaline
- C. Isoproterenol
- D. Noradrenaline
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Adrenaline is a non-selective adrenergic agonist that acts on both alpha and beta receptors.
2. Activation of beta-2 receptors in the lungs causes bronchodilation.
3. Activation of alpha-1 receptors in blood vessels raises blood pressure.
4. Atropine (A) is a muscarinic antagonist, not adrenergic.
5. Isoproterenol (C) primarily targets beta receptors, not alpha for blood pressure.
6. Noradrenaline (D) mainly acts on alpha receptors, not beta for bronchodilation.
Insulin, a small (51-amino-acid) protein, is synthesized by the beta cells of the pancreas. This hormone is released ________.
- A. in excessive amounts in obese people
- B. in response to severe physical stress (i.e., a ten-mile run)
- C. when the bodyʹs glucose level rises
- D. when the bodyʹs glucose level drops
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because insulin is released when the body's glucose level rises. This is a key function of insulin to regulate blood sugar levels. When glucose levels increase after a meal, beta cells release insulin to help cells absorb and use glucose for energy. This process helps to maintain blood sugar within a healthy range.
Choice A is incorrect because insulin release is not necessarily excessive in obese people, but rather it can be impaired due to insulin resistance. Choice B is incorrect because insulin is typically released in response to high blood sugar levels, not physical stress. Choice D is incorrect because insulin is released when blood sugar levels drop too low, not rise.
In type 1 diabetes there is an osmotic effect of glucose when insulin deficiency prevents the use of glucose for energy. Which classic symptom is caused by the osmotic effect of glucose?
- A. Fatigue
- B. Polyphagia
- C. Polydipsia
- D. Recurrent infections
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Polydipsia is caused by the osmotic effect of glucose, leading to excessive urination and increased thirst.
Which nerve is NOT involved in the efferent (motor) swallow reflex?
- A. trigeminal
- B. vagus
- C. facial
- D. hypoglossal
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: vagus. The efferent swallow reflex involves motor nerves responsible for swallowing. The vagus nerve is primarily responsible for the afferent (sensory) pathway in the swallow reflex, while the efferent pathway involves the trigeminal, facial, and hypoglossal nerves. The trigeminal nerve (A) controls chewing muscles, the facial nerve (C) is responsible for facial expressions and some swallowing muscles, and the hypoglossal nerve (D) controls the movement of the tongue during swallowing. Therefore, the vagus nerve is not directly involved in the efferent motor control of swallowing, making it the correct answer.
Which row gives the relative charges of electrons and neutrons?
- A. 0, 0
- B. 0, -1
- C. -1, 0
- D. -1, +1
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: -1, 0. Electrons have a charge of -1, while neutrons have no charge (0). This is because electrons are negatively charged particles, while neutrons are neutral. The other choices are incorrect because A: 0, 0 doesn't differentiate between the charges of electrons and neutrons, B: 0, -1 incorrectly assigns a charge to neutrons, and D: -1, +1 incorrectly assigns a charge to neutrons and doesn't represent the relative charges accurately.