Nokea
Which of the following new drug is indicated in managing SIADH, non – peptide and competitive antagonist of ADH’s water sparing effects in the collecting ducts of nephron?
- A. Mannitol
- B. Bumetanide
- C. Spironolactone
- D. Conivaptan
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Conivaptan. Conivaptan is a non-peptide competitive antagonist of ADH, indicated for managing SIADH by blocking ADH's water-sparing effects in the collecting ducts. Mannitol (A) is an osmotic diuretic used for reducing intracranial pressure, not specifically for SIADH. Bumetanide (B) is a loop diuretic used for conditions like heart failure and edema. Spironolactone (C) is a potassium-sparing diuretic used for conditions like hypertension and heart failure, not specifically for SIADH.
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Which of the following antibiotics is considered safe to use in newborn * babies?
- A. Chloramphenicol
- B. Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole
- C. Teracyclines
- D. Ampicillin
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Ampicillin. Ampicillin is considered safe for use in newborn babies because it is a commonly used antibiotic in neonates and has a favorable safety profile. It is effective against a wide range of bacteria commonly found in newborns. Chloramphenicol (A) can cause serious side effects like gray baby syndrome. Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole (B) is not recommended in newborns due to potential risks. Tetracyclines (C) can lead to tooth discoloration and bone growth inhibition in newborns.
Which of the following drug/(s) that is /are used to treat chronic hepatitis B? *
- A. Lamivudine
- B. Human interferon α
- C. Amantadine
- D. (
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why A (Lamivudine) is correct:
1. Lamivudine is a nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor used to treat chronic hepatitis B.
2. It inhibits the replication of the hepatitis B virus, reducing viral load and liver damage.
3. Clinical studies have shown its efficacy in improving liver function and reducing the risk of cirrhosis.
4. Lamivudine is recommended as a first-line treatment option by major medical guidelines.
Summary of why other choices are incorrect:
B. Human interferon α: While interferon therapy was previously used, it is no longer recommended as a first-line treatment due to its side effects and lower efficacy compared to newer drugs.
C. Amantadine: Amantadine is not recommended for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B as it is not effective against the hepatitis B virus.
D. (: This is not a valid drug option for treating chronic hepatitis B.
Which of the following organism is notorious for developing antimicrobial resistance rapidly?:
- A. Streptococcus pyogenes
- B. Meningococcus
- C. Treponema pallidum
- D. Escherichia coli
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Escherichia coli. E. coli is notorious for developing antimicrobial resistance rapidly due to its ability to acquire resistance genes through plasmid exchange and mutation. This bacterium is commonly found in the gut of humans and animals, leading to frequent exposure to antibiotics. On the other hand, choices A, B, and C are less likely to develop resistance as rapidly as E. coli due to their lower frequency of exposure to antibiotics and differences in genetic makeup. Streptococcus pyogenes is susceptible to penicillin, Meningococcus has shown susceptibility to several antibiotics, and Treponema pallidum has limited exposure to antibiotics due to its unique nature as the causative agent of syphilis.
The clinic nurse is preparing a plan of care for a
- A. What role The clinic nurse should recognize what type of will the nurse have in implementing a behavioral therapy incontinence? approach?
- B. Stress incontinence
- C. Provide medication teaching related to
- D. Reflex incontinence pseudoephedrine sulfat
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because the clinic nurse needs to recognize the role they will have in implementing a behavioral therapy approach for incontinence. This involves assessing, planning, implementing, and evaluating the behavioral interventions to help manage the condition effectively. Choice B is incorrect as it only identifies a type of incontinence without addressing the nurse's role in care. Choice C is incorrect as it focuses on medication teaching, which is not related to behavioral therapy. Choice D is incorrect as it specifically mentions a medication, pseudoephedrine sulfate, which is not relevant to implementing a behavioral therapy approach.
In planning care for Mrs. T., the nurse must recognize that slowed metabolism will also result in
- A. nausea
- B. oily hair
- C. tachycardia
- D. constipation
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: constipation. Slowed metabolism can lead to decreased gastrointestinal motility, resulting in constipation. This occurs because the digestive system processes food more slowly, leading to less frequent bowel movements. Nausea (choice A) is more commonly associated with gastrointestinal issues or medication side effects. Oily hair (choice B) is typically related to hormonal imbalances or poor hygiene. Tachycardia (choice C) is an increased heart rate that is not directly linked to slowed metabolism.