Nokea
Which of the following statements regarding hormones is incorrect?
- A. Hormones and neurotransmitters require a synapse in order to communicate information to other cells and tissues.
- B. Only cells that have receptors to a certain hormone may be affected by that hormone.
- C. Hormones can cause target cells to alter patterns of gene expression, producing proteins in different quantities
- D. G proteins and cAMP are second messengers that serve to enhance or amplify the hormonal effect.
Correct Answer: a
Rationale: The correct answer is A because hormones and neurotransmitters do not require a synapse to communicate with other cells. Hormones are typically released into the bloodstream and travel throughout the body to target cells with specific receptors. Neurotransmitters, on the other hand, communicate across synapses between nerve cells. Choice B is correct as hormones only affect cells with specific receptors. Choice C is correct as hormones can indeed influence gene expression in target cells. Choice D is correct as G proteins and cAMP are common second messengers that help transmit the hormonal signal within the cell.
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Which gland is responsible for the production of adrenaline?
- A. Adrenal
- B. Parathyroid
- C. Gonadal
- D. Pancreas
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Adrenal. The adrenal gland is responsible for producing adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, which is a hormone released in response to stress or danger. Adrenaline helps the body prepare for fight or flight responses by increasing heart rate, dilating airways, and boosting energy. The other choices, Parathyroid, Gonadal, and Pancreas, are not responsible for producing adrenaline. Parathyroid glands regulate calcium levels, gonadal glands produce sex hormones, and the pancreas produces insulin and digestive enzymes. Therefore, the adrenal gland is the correct answer for the production of adrenaline.
The two regulatory systems of the body are the endocrine system and the _______.
- A. nervous system
- B. immune system
- C. circulatory system
- D. respiratory system
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: nervous system. The endocrine system regulates processes through hormones, while the nervous system controls body functions through electrical impulses. Both systems work together to maintain homeostasis. The other choices are incorrect because the immune system focuses on defense against pathogens, the circulatory system transports nutrients and oxygen, and the respiratory system facilitates gas exchange. Only the nervous system aligns with regulating body functions alongside the endocrine system.
Alcohol suppresses the secretion of ______ and thus _______ the reabsorption of water from the kidneys.
- A. ADH: decreases
- B. ADH: increases
- C. aldosterone: decreases
- D. aldosterone: increases
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. Alcohol suppresses the secretion of ADH (antidiuretic hormone), which leads to a decrease in the reabsorption of water from the kidneys. ADH is responsible for increasing water reabsorption, so suppressing it results in more water being excreted. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because alcohol does not affect aldosterone secretion, and aldosterone primarily regulates sodium reabsorption rather than water reabsorption. ADH is the hormone directly involved in water reabsorption in the kidneys, making choice A the correct answer.
Organophosphate insecticides and nerve gases exert their lethal effects by:
- A. Blocking alpha and β-adrenergic receptors
- B. Blocking all muscarinic receptors on target cells
- C. Blocking nicotinic receptors in the brain
- D. Inhibiting acetylcholine metabolism
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because organophosphate insecticides and nerve gases inhibit acetylcholine metabolism by irreversibly binding to acetylcholinesterase enzyme, leading to accumulation of acetylcholine at synapses. This results in overstimulation of cholinergic receptors, causing symptoms of cholinergic toxicity.
Choice A is incorrect because alpha and beta-adrenergic receptors are not the targets of organophosphates. Choice B is incorrect because organophosphates do not block all muscarinic receptors. Choice C is incorrect because organophosphates do not specifically target nicotinic receptors in the brain.
Like the small intestine, the large intestine has villi to aid absorption?
- A. TRUE
- B. FALSE
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: FALSE. The large intestine does not have villi like the small intestine. Villi are finger-like projections in the small intestine that increase surface area for nutrient absorption. The large intestine primarily absorbs water and electrolytes, and does not have villi. Other choices are incorrect because the large intestine does not have villi and does not aid in absorption like the small intestine.